Lama's were the only  domestic animal that came from South America.  The other thirteen were only from Asia, Africa, and Europe. The island of Papa New Guinea is an island that is remote from the rest of the world. They don't have wheat or barley. The are constantly harvesting, spending so many hours growing things so they can eat. Papa New Guinea doesn’t have many useful domestic animals because of where they are located on the map. Where you are from determines weather or not you are going to progress or not. New Guinea people did not have the right animals, or the right food that grows to support them. Surplus  means when there is more supply than demand. Papa New Guinea barely had a surplus of anything. People in the Middle East can just plant seeds and have an overwhelming surplus of wheat. Specialized labor is when you can have people have other jobs other than hunting, gathering, or farming.  Papa New Guinea did not have geographic luck. It begun with growing of wheat and the pinning of goats in the Middle East was leading to the growing of the first Civilization. As villages grew, more people were there to support their civilization. People were able to discover new skills and new technologies. They made plaster from limestone . They were coming up with a bunch of inventions. By contrast , people like New Guinea never developed New technology. From working in the highlands people are working in ways from century's ago. Why didn't New Guinea develop metal tools themselves? No specialist, no workers, no metal tools. People didn't advance in technology  because they were spending too much time feeding themselves. The Europeans came in and decided to take them over. But for thousands of years they were good to go. They weren't getting cancer or dying of heart attacks. They were living the life that the ancestors did. It wasn't Europe's place to say "O what a horrible life to plan" Europe came along with guns, and knifes and planes they were easy to conquer because they didn't have anything to fight back with. They other countries developed things that they hadn't which resulted in them not being able to fight back. They were not progressing like other countries. Wherever the domesticated animals went they had the power to transform people's society's. Suddenly there was enough food to feed the pharos and generals in Egypt. The people built pyramids. The same is true of the European civilization. Food came to the artists and upper class of Europe. The same crops and animals were brought to the New World. There are more than 200 million cattle in America and an overwhelming amount of wheat. What about culture, power, and religion in Diamond's theory. Diamon's years in New Guinea he has found people that are smart, resourceful and dynamic unlike other society's. Ultimately what is far more important is the tools that the New Guineans have. They make therre own tools and the only domesticated animals they have are pigs. The towns of Papa New Guinea has come up to date with the rest of the world lately. Unfortunately for them they still have a long gap to overcome. Geography is the answer to Diamond's theory. They did not have the amount of geographical luck as the other countries. In Diamond's way of seeing the world change the lives of others.